Relationship, substitutes for

Primary aluminum substitutes for Refined copper

The stored status is what a reviewer approved. The level below it is what the overlapping data support; the two are shown side by side and only a human moves the status.

Stored statusMechanism supportedEvidence level (latest analysis)not analysed yet

Mechanism, evidence, reviewer judgements

The edge as stored

Primary aluminum substitutes for Refined copper2 evidenceMechanism supported

Association, no dependency direction.

Mechanism

Aluminum substitutes for copper in power cables, busbars and some transformer windings where weight and cost outweigh its lower conductivity.

Evidence

documentUSGS, Copper statistics and informationusgs.govEnd uses (building construction, electrical and electronic products) and substitutes (aluminum in power cables and some transformer windings).checked 2026-09-07
documentUSGS, Aluminum statistics and informationusgs.govEnd uses in transportation, electrical and construction; substitution with copper.checked 2026-09-07

Status: mechanism_supported
Reviewer confidence: 0.90
Stated strength: not stated
Lag: not stated
Version: curated_seed_v1
Reviewed: 2026-09-07

Confidence and strength are curated judgements recorded with the edge, not measured quantities.

Entity pages: Primary aluminum, Refined copper.

Not computed

Statistical evidence

No analysis has been stored for this edge. The causal.analyze_all job runs monthly over every edge with a catalog metric linked to both entities; edges without a series on both ends are not analysed.

Not computed

Causal estimate

A causal estimate needs at least 20 overlapping periods and was not attempted for this edge yet.

What each rung means

Levels

Level 0: No association found
the overlapping data show no significant association.
Level 1: Correlation only
statistically associated in the overlapping periods; no direction, no mechanism.
Level 2: Predictive lead/lag
one series historically contains predictive information about the other.
Level 3: Mechanism supported
a documented physical, economic or institutional mechanism with cited evidence.
Level 4: Causally supported
a backdoor-adjusted estimate that survived refutation, on stated assumptions.
Level 5: Established relation
follows from engineering, accounting or scientific structure.

Every stored run, newest first

Analysis history

No runs stored.