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US regular gasoline retail price · United States · as of 2026-11-02

US regular gasoline retail price (United States) fell 2.72% in 2026-11-02, an unusually large annual move

US regular gasoline retail price for United States was 4.15 US dollars per gallon in 2026-11-02, down 0.116 US dollars per gallon (-2.72%) from 4.27 in 2026-10-26; that change ranks in the 96th percentile of annual changes recorded since 1990-08-20.

DerivedCandidateMetric page
What changed

US regular gasoline retail price

4.15US dollars per gallon-2.72%
Latest
4.15 in 2026-11-02 obs 421073
Previous
4.27 in 2026-10-26 obs 420899
Change
-0.116 US dollars per gallon
History
1884 observations, 1990-08-20 to 2026-11-02
40 points, 2026-02-02 to 2026-11-02
How unusual

Against its own history

Robust z
-3.94
Change percentile
96th of 1882 earlier absolute changes
Value percentile
98th of earlier values
Median change
-0.002 (scale 0.0289, mad)
Second difference
-0.101 (z -3.82)
Slope divergence
-2.43
Rarity
last larger move 6 periods ago (2026-09-21)
Confidence and status

Record

Relevance
0.354
Confidence
57%
Status
published
Discovered
2026-11-09 00:21 UTC
Expires
2026-12-09 00:21 UTC
Model
relevance_v1+insight_text_v1
Validation
passed
Causal level
candidate

Candidate: no reviewed relationship supports a causal reading. Agreement among metrics is co-movement, not cause.

Why now

Relevance components

Derived
Statistical surprise0.98 × 0.18 = 0.176
Acceleration0.90 × 0.12 = 0.108
Breadth0.33 × 0.16 = 0.053
Graph centrality0.00 × 0.18 = 0.000
Forecast impactnot wired, 0 × 0.14
Bottleneck impactnot wired, 0 × 0.10
Historical rarity0.21 × 0.08 = 0.017
Public attentionnot wired, 0 × 0.04
Relevance0.354
  • Statistical surprise: the latest change of -0.116 US dollars per gallon is -3.9 robust standard deviations from the median annual change (1882 earlier changes), at the 96th percentile of absolute changes. Component 0.98, weight 0.18, contribution 0.176.
  • Acceleration: second-difference z -3.8; short-versus-long slope divergence -2.43. Component 0.90, weight 0.12, contribution 0.108.
  • Breadth: 6 of 18 related metrics (same category, Energy) moved in the same direction as of their latest periods; 12 moved the other way. Component 0.33, weight 0.16, contribution 0.053.
  • Graph centrality: no graph entity carries a centrality value for this metric yet, so it reads 0. Component 0.00, weight 0.18, contribution 0.000.
  • Historical rarity: the last larger move was 6 periods ago, in 2026-09-21 (window 20 years). Component 0.21, weight 0.08, contribution 0.017.
  • Forecast impact: not wired yet; reads 0. Component 0.00, weight 0.14, contribution 0.000.
  • Bottleneck impact: not wired yet; reads 0. Component 0.00, weight 0.10, contribution 0.000.
  • Public attention: not wired yet; reads 0. Component 0.00, weight 0.04, contribution 0.000.

Relevance (relevance_v1) is the weighted sum of the components: 0.354, against a candidate threshold of 0.30.

Explanation

What changed and how unusual it is

Derived

What changed. The latest current observation for US regular gasoline retail price, United States, is 4.15 US dollars per gallon for 2026-11-02 (obs 421073). The previous period, 2026-10-26, recorded 4.27 US dollars per gallon (obs 420899). The change is -0.116 US dollars per gallon, or -2.72%. The metric is classified as contextual, so the change carries no better or worse reading on its own.

How unusual. Against the 1882 earlier annual changes since 1990-08-20, the median change is -0.002 US dollars per gallon and the robust spread (scaled median absolute deviation) is 0.0289, giving a robust z-score of -3.9. The absolute change sits at the 96th percentile of earlier absolute changes; the value itself sits at the 98th percentile of earlier values. The last larger move was +0.159 US dollars per gallon in 2026-09-21 (obs 410508, obs 410399), 6 periods ago.

Acceleration. The change in the change (second difference) is -0.101 US dollars per gallon, a robust z of -3.8 against earlier second differences. The slope over the last 3 periods is -0.0655 US dollars per gallon per period against +0.0048 over the last 10, a divergence of -2.43 change-scale units.

Templated from stored numbers, no AI. Citations link to the evidence table below.

AI explanation

Modeled interpretation

Modeled
Explanation generated from Humanity Vector's structured data and evidence graph. Calculations and source provenance are independently stored and viewable. Model grok-4.3, prompt version 1.0.0, run ffaf59ee-9ba2-4b56-bcd9-ddcf2a24731a. Every number in this text was checked against stored evidence before display.

Explanation

The data are consistent with the sequence of observed readings for US regular gasoline retail price in [observation:421073] and [observation:420899]. Earlier observations include 4.478 dollars per gallon on 2026-09-21 in [observation:410508] and 4.319 dollars per gallon on 2026-09-14 in [observation:410399].

Alternative explanation (skeptic pass)

The data are consistent with normal week-to-week variation around recent levels rather than a directional shift.

Why now

The 2026-11-02 observation follows the 2026-10-26 reading and registers after six periods without a larger move.

What to watch

Next updates to US regular gasoline retail price in [observation:421073] and related series such as natural gas futures managed-money net position in [observation:421142].

Affected systems

Supporting metrics

MetricLatestChangeEvidence
Natural gas futures: managed-money net positioncategory-225,359 contracts (2026-11-03)-19,042 (-9.23%)obs 421142, obs 421004
US generation capacity additions, windcategory210.8 MW (2026-09-01)-358.7 (-62.99%)obs 420819, obs 410675
US planned generation capacity, battery storagecategory64,234.6 MW (2026-09-01)-168.3 (-0.26%)obs 420820, obs 410676
US planned generation capacity, solarcategory122,225.2 MW (2026-09-01)-34.2 (-0.03%)obs 420823, obs 410679
US planned generation capacity, windcategory23,543.1 MW (2026-09-01)-210.8 (-0.89%)obs 420825, obs 410681
WTI crude oil futures: managed-money net positioncategory21,728 contracts (2026-11-03)-9,400 (-30.20%)obs 421140, obs 421002

No graph relationships cited; related metrics were found by shared category.

Counter-evidence

What points the other way

12 related metrics moved the other way as of their latest periods:

  • US average retail electricity price: +0.51 cents per kilowatthour (+3.52%) to 14.99 cents per kilowatthour in 2026-07-01 (obs 420867, obs 410784)
  • US consumer price index, energy: +16.69 index 1982-1984=100 (+5.20%) to 337.83 index 1982-1984=100 in 2026-09-01 (obs 415394, obs 409142)
  • US electric net summer capacity: +3.86 million kilowatts (+0.29%) to 1,314.31 million kilowatts in 2026-07-01 (obs 420859, obs 410776)
  • US electricity net generation: +54,073.11 million kilowatthours (+13.53%) to 453,744.4 million kilowatthours in 2026-07-01 (obs 420866, obs 410783)
  • US generation capacity additions: +2,112.2 MW (+68.73%) to 5,185.4 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420773, obs 420772)
  • US generation capacity additions, battery storage: +668.3 MW (+79.24%) to 1,511.7 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420777, obs 420776)
  • US generation capacity additions, natural gas: +365.6 MW (+160.07%) to 594 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420789, obs 410646)
  • US generation capacity additions, solar: +1,409 MW (+99.44%) to 2,825.9 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420817, obs 420816)
  • US planned generation capacity: +1,698.1 MW (+0.59%) to 290,242 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420824, obs 410680)
  • US planned generation capacity, natural gas: +1,654.4 MW (+2.38%) to 71,102.5 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420821, obs 410677)
  • US planned generation retirements: +18.8 MW (+1566.67%) to 20 MW in 2072-08-01 (obs 403974, obs 403973)
  • US primary energy consumption: +628.04 trillion Btu (+8.15%) to 8,334.71 trillion Btu in 2026-07-01 (obs 420890, obs 420889)

3 related metrics have no comparable change and did not count either way.

Limits: the score compares period-over-period changes of current rows only; earlier vintages are not compared. Related metrics were found by shared category, not by a tested mechanism, so agreement among them does not establish cause.

What to watch

Measurable indicators

  • The next US regular gasoline retail price observation (2027-11-02): a change no larger than the median annual change of -0.002 US dollars per gallon, or a move back the other way, would mean the latest change has normalised.
  • Natural gas futures: managed-money net position, currently -225,359 contracts in 2026-11-03 (obs 421142): a move the other way lowers the breadth component.
  • US generation capacity additions, wind, currently 210.8 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420819): a move the other way lowers the breadth component.
  • US planned generation capacity, battery storage, currently 64,234.6 MW in 2026-09-01 (obs 420820): a move the other way lowers the breadth component.
  • Revisions: a revised 2026-11-02 value would arrive as a new observation row (the current row is observation 421073) and trigger a rescore.
  • Expiry: this insight expires 30 days after discovery unless a newer period supersedes it, and earlier if the relevance score falls below the threshold.
Evidence

Every number links here

Observed
ObservationMetricPeriodValueRoleSeriesIngested
421073US regular gasoline retail priceUSA2026-11-024.15 US dollars per gallonprimaryGASREGW2026-11-09 00:06 UTC
420899US regular gasoline retail priceUSA2026-10-264.27 US dollars per gallonprimaryGASREGW2026-11-02 00:04 UTC
410508US regular gasoline retail priceUSA2026-09-214.48 US dollars per galloncontextGASREGW2026-09-28 00:04 UTC
410399US regular gasoline retail priceUSA2026-09-144.32 US dollars per galloncontextGASREGW2026-09-21 00:04 UTC
395380US regular gasoline retail priceUSA2022-06-135.01 US dollars per galloncontextGASREGW2026-09-07 21:58 UTC
394164US regular gasoline retail priceUSA1999-02-220.907 US dollars per galloncontextGASREGW2026-09-07 21:58 UTC
421142Natural gas futures: managed-money net positionUSA2026-11-03-225,359 contractssupporting72hh-3qpy:0236512026-11-09 00:07 UTC
421004Natural gas futures: managed-money net positionUSA2026-10-27-206,317 contractssupporting72hh-3qpy:0236512026-11-02 00:04 UTC
34846Population with access to electricityUSA2024100 percent of populationcontextEG.ELC.ACCS.ZS2026-09-07 05:31 UTC
34847Population with access to electricityUSA2023100 percent of populationcontextEG.ELC.ACCS.ZS2026-09-07 05:31 UTC
420867US average retail electricity priceUSA2026-07-0114.99 cents per kilowatthourcounterESTCUUS2026-11-02 00:03 UTC
410784US average retail electricity priceUSA2026-06-0114.48 cents per kilowatthourcounterESTCUUS2026-10-05 00:02 UTC
415394US consumer price index, energyUSA2026-09-01337.83 index 1982-1984=100counterCUSR0000SA0E2026-10-19 00:01 UTC
409142US consumer price index, energyUSA2026-08-01321.15 index 1982-1984=100counterCUSR0000SA0E2026-09-14 00:01 UTC
420859US electric net summer capacityUSA2026-07-011,314.31 million kilowattscounterELGBPUS2026-11-02 00:01 UTC
410776US electric net summer capacityUSA2026-06-011,310.44 million kilowattscounterELGBPUS2026-10-05 00:00 UTC
420866US electricity net generationUSA2026-07-01453,744.4 million kilowatthourscounterELETPUS2026-11-02 00:03 UTC
410783US electricity net generationUSA2026-06-01399,671.29 million kilowatthourscounterELETPUS2026-10-05 00:02 UTC
420773US generation capacity additionsUSA2026-09-015,185.4 MWcounteradditions:total2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420772US generation capacity additionsUSA2026-08-013,073.2 MWcounteradditions:total2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420777US generation capacity additions, battery storageUSA2026-09-011,511.7 MWcounteradditions:battery_storage2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420776US generation capacity additions, battery storageUSA2026-08-01843.4 MWcounteradditions:battery_storage2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420789US generation capacity additions, natural gasUSA2026-09-01594 MWcounteradditions:natural_gas2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
410646US generation capacity additions, natural gasUSA2026-08-01228.4 MWcounteradditions:natural_gas2026-10-01 00:00 UTC
420805US generation capacity additions, nuclearUSA2026-09-010 MWcontextadditions:nuclear2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
410662US generation capacity additions, nuclearUSA2026-08-010 MWcontextadditions:nuclear2026-10-01 00:00 UTC
420817US generation capacity additions, solarUSA2026-09-012,825.9 MWcounteradditions:solar2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420816US generation capacity additions, solarUSA2026-08-011,416.9 MWcounteradditions:solar2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
420819US generation capacity additions, windUSA2026-09-01210.8 MWsupportingadditions:wind2026-11-01 00:00 UTC
410675US generation capacity additions, windUSA2026-08-01569.5 MWsupportingadditions:wind2026-10-01 00:00 UTC
420824US planned generation capacityUSA2026-09-01290,242 MWcounterplanned:total2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410680US planned generation capacityUSA2026-08-01288,543.9 MWcounterplanned:total2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
420820US planned generation capacity, battery storageUSA2026-09-0164,234.6 MWsupportingplanned:battery_storage2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410676US planned generation capacity, battery storageUSA2026-08-0164,402.9 MWsupportingplanned:battery_storage2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
420821US planned generation capacity, natural gasUSA2026-09-0171,102.5 MWcounterplanned:natural_gas2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410677US planned generation capacity, natural gasUSA2026-08-0169,448.1 MWcounterplanned:natural_gas2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
420822US planned generation capacity, nuclearUSA2026-09-014,968 MWcontextplanned:nuclear2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410678US planned generation capacity, nuclearUSA2026-08-014,968 MWcontextplanned:nuclear2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
420823US planned generation capacity, solarUSA2026-09-01122,225.2 MWsupportingplanned:solar2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410679US planned generation capacity, solarUSA2026-08-01122,259.4 MWsupportingplanned:solar2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
420825US planned generation capacity, windUSA2026-09-0123,543.1 MWsupportingplanned:wind2026-11-01 00:01 UTC
410681US planned generation capacity, windUSA2026-08-0123,753.9 MWsupportingplanned:wind2026-10-01 00:01 UTC
403974US planned generation retirementsUSA2072-08-0120 MWcounterretirements:planned2026-09-07 22:01 UTC
403973US planned generation retirementsUSA2065-12-011.2 MWcounterretirements:planned2026-09-07 22:01 UTC
420890US primary energy consumptionUSA2026-07-018,334.71 trillion BtucounterTETCBUS2026-11-02 00:03 UTC
420889US primary energy consumptionUSA2026-06-017,706.67 trillion BtucounterTETCBUS2026-11-02 00:03 UTC
421140WTI crude oil futures: managed-money net positionUSA2026-11-0321,728 contractssupporting72hh-3qpy:0676512026-11-09 00:07 UTC
421002WTI crude oil futures: managed-money net positionUSA2026-10-2731,128 contractssupporting72hh-3qpy:0676512026-11-02 00:04 UTC
Feature packet (full inputs to the score)
{
  "as_of": "2026-11-02",
  "change": {
    "pct": -0.027173,
    "value": -0.116,
    "observation_ids": [
      421073,
      420899
    ]
  },
  "latest": {
    "id": 421073,
    "value": 4.153,
    "period": "2026-11-02"
  },
  "metric": {
    "id": "77ab54ef-a4d4-4f95-8a7f-74b7db4e054c",
    "kind": "observed",
    "name": "US regular gasoline retail price",
    "slug": "us-gasoline-regular-price",
    "unit": "US dollars per gallon",
    "direction": "contextual",
    "frequency": "weekly",
    "category_id": "e2b3c9f2-3475-4c3f-bfae-b89fe28a341e",
    "category_name": "Energy",
    "category_slug": "energy",
    "geography_default": "USA",
    "frequency_normalised": "annual"
  },
  "rarity": {
    "prior_max": {
      "id": 395380,
      "value": 5.006,
      "period": "2022-06-13"
    },
    "prior_min": {
      "id": 394164,
      "value": 0.907,
      "period": "1999-02-22"
    },
    "abs_change": 0.116,
    "all_time_low": false,
    "largest_ever": false,
    "window_years": 20,
    "all_time_high": false,
    "window_periods": 20,
    "last_larger_move": {
      "change": 0.159,
      "period": "2026-09-21",
      "observation_ids": [
        410508,
        410399
      ]
    },
    "largest_in_window": false,
    "periods_since_larger_move": 6
  },
  "scores": {
    "rarity": 0.21,
    "breadth": 0.3333,
    "surprise": 0.9778,
    "centrality": 0,
    "acceleration": 0.8976,
    "forecast_impact": 0,
    "public_attention": 0,
    "bottleneck_impact": 0
  },
  "breadth": {
    "via": "category",
    "share": 0.3333,
    "related": [
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "Natural gas futures: managed-money net position",
        "slug": "cot-natural-gas-managed-money-net",
        "unit": "contracts",
        "change": -19042,
        "latest": {
          "id": 421142,
          "value": -225359,
          "period": "2026-11-03"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 421004,
          "value": -206317,
          "period": "2026-10-27"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "weekly",
        "metric_id": "d586ac7a-7590-47d1-a7ba-39bc8c578b74",
        "change_pct": -0.092295,
        "consistent": true,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "Population with access to electricity",
        "slug": "electricity-access",
        "unit": "percent of population",
        "change": 0,
        "latest": {
          "id": 34846,
          "value": 100,
          "period": "2024-01-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 34847,
          "value": 100,
          "period": "2023-01-01"
        },
        "direction": "higher_better",
        "frequency": "annual",
        "metric_id": "a4f2f4c6-0df2-4e49-958d-b19169dd81de",
        "change_pct": 0,
        "consistent": null,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US average retail electricity price",
        "slug": "us-electricity-retail-price",
        "unit": "cents per kilowatthour",
        "change": 0.51,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420867,
          "value": 14.99,
          "period": "2026-07-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 410784,
          "value": 14.48,
          "period": "2026-06-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "6ab59fbd-f866-4bb1-a13d-7243cbec12b6",
        "change_pct": 0.035221,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US consumer price index, energy",
        "slug": "us-cpi-energy",
        "unit": "index 1982-1984=100",
        "change": 16.686,
        "latest": {
          "id": 415394,
          "value": 337.834,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 409142,
          "value": 321.148,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "7b24046c-bfd1-4b8b-b180-90bbc83bbd6b",
        "change_pct": 0.051957,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US electric net summer capacity",
        "slug": "us-electric-net-summer-capacity",
        "unit": "million kilowatts",
        "change": 3.861,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420859,
          "value": 1314.305,
          "period": "2026-07-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 410776,
          "value": 1310.444,
          "period": "2026-06-01"
        },
        "direction": "higher_better",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "b5d93e82-4824-4255-a06f-f08bc1b9ccf1",
        "change_pct": 0.002946,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US electricity net generation",
        "slug": "us-electricity-net-generation",
        "unit": "million kilowatthours",
        "change": 54073.113,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420866,
          "value": 453744.398,
          "period": "2026-07-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 410783,
          "value": 399671.285,
          "period": "2026-06-01"
        },
        "direction": "higher_better",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "5ed23e8f-ae35-4193-a385-c6225c16aa05",
        "change_pct": 0.135294,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions",
        "unit": "MW",
        "change": 2112.2,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420773,
          "value": 5185.4,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 420772,
          "value": 3073.2,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "022316df-5782-4725-8042-596e16793322",
        "change_pct": 0.687297,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions, battery storage",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions-battery-storage",
        "unit": "MW",
        "change": 668.3,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420777,
          "value": 1511.7,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 420776,
          "value": 843.4,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "04596896-7bd3-4a3b-86f9-1316df346a76",
        "change_pct": 0.792388,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions, natural gas",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions-natural-gas",
        "unit": "MW",
        "change": 365.6,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420789,
          "value": 594,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 410646,
          "value": 228.4,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "62edd549-e50a-4795-9640-b0888338bf90",
        "change_pct": 1.600701,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions, nuclear",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions-nuclear",
        "unit": "MW",
        "change": 0,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420805,
          "value": 0,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 410662,
          "value": 0,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "573d20ff-a35d-42d9-a7ab-359965dd60cd",
        "change_pct": null,
        "consistent": null,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions, solar",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions-solar",
        "unit": "MW",
        "change": 1409,
        "latest": {
          "id": 420817,
          "value": 2825.9,
          "period": "2026-09-01"
        },
        "previous": {
          "id": 420816,
          "value": 1416.9,
          "period": "2026-08-01"
        },
        "direction": "contextual",
        "frequency": "monthly",
        "metric_id": "3bb03897-e28b-476c-896d-fc2c3844893a",
        "change_pct": 0.994424,
        "consistent": false,
        "relationship_ids": []
      },
      {
        "via": "category",
        "name": "US generation capacity additions, wind",
        "slug": "us-generation-capacity-additions-wind",
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    ],
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  "history": {
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  "acceleration": {
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  },
  "public_attention": {
    "value": 0,
    "source": "not_wired"
  },
  "bottleneck_impact": {
    "value": 0,
    "source": "not_wired"
  }
}

Component labels: Statistical surprise, Acceleration, Breadth, Graph centrality, Forecast impact, Bottleneck impact, Historical rarity, Public attention. Each stored score keeps this packet so it can be recomputed without the database.

48 observations, 22 metrics, relevance score row 1027 (relevance_v1, features features_v1).